(2009) reported that FP birds showed lower whole blood 5-HT levels and higher feather-pecking frequency than non-FP birds. This evidence suggests that the microbiota-gut-brain axis plays a vital role in the development of FP behavior. Disruptions in the microbiome of the gut ( van der Eijk et al., 2019a), the immune system ( van der Eijk et al., 2019b), the monoamine neurotransmitter systems that regulate behavior ( Kops et al., 2013) and a hyperactive Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis ( Kjaer and Guémené, 2009) have been observed in FP birds. Previously, this behavior has been proposed to be a consequence of dysregulation of the gut-brain axis in laying hens. On the other hand, probiotics have shown beneficial effects on host health and behavior, including reversing stress or antibiotic-induced gut microbial disorders and restoring physiological and behavioral changes in the host by modulating gut-brain axis signaling via hormones, immune factors, etc., ( Arslanova et al., 2021 Mindus et al., 2021 Wang et al., 2021 Huang et al., 2022).įeather-pecking (FP) is typically an abnormal behavior in layer flocks, causing increased social stress, feather loss, skin injury, and other pecking habits, and can escalate into cannibalism in severe cases seriously affecting animal welfare and health ( Bestman et al., 2017). The inflammatory response can disrupt the blood-brain barrier (BBB), known as the leaky brain, and substances that promote inflammation, such as lipopolysaccharides, may enter the brain, leading to neuroinflammation, mental disorders, and abnormal behavior ( Obrenovich, 2018 Yousefi et al., 2022). The resultant increase in intestinal permeability and formation of a “leaky gut,” can increase the infiltration of large amounts of pathogenic bacteria and toxic metabolites into the bloodstream, causing local or systemic inflammation. Gut microbial disorders can disrupt intestinal-brain homeostasis and tight junctions in these systems. However, it can be rapidly altered by a number of exogenous and endogenous factors, such as antibiotic therapy, inflammatory disease, diet, or stress ( Borre et al., 2014 Schokker et al., 2017). The gut microbiota consists of a complex and relatively stable community of microorganisms widely reported to influence metabolism, the immune and endocrine systems, and neuromodulation in the host ( Cryan and Dinan, 2012 Chen et al., 2021). Overall, our findings indicate that dietary supplementation with Lactobacillus rhamnosus LR-32 can reduce antibiotic-induced FP in laying hens and is a promising treatment to improve the welfare of domestic birds. The correlation analysis revealed that probiotic-enhanced bacteria were positively correlated, and probiotic-reduced bacteria were negatively correlated with tight junction-related gene expression, and 5-HT metabolism, and butyric acid levels. Lactobacillus rhamnosus LR-32 supplementation restored the profile of the gut microbial community, and showed a strong positive effect by increasing the expression of tight junction proteins in the ileum and hypothalamus and promoting the expression of genes related to central 5-HT metabolism. However, treatment with Lactobacillus rhamnosus LR-32 following antibiotic exposure significantly alleviated the decline in egg production performance and reduced SFP behavior. Moreover, intestinal and blood-brain barrier functions were impaired, and 5-HT metabolism was inhibited. The study revealed that antibiotic exposure resulted in decreased egg production performance and an increased tendency toward severe feather-pecking (SFP) behavior in laying hens. The current investigation aimed to induce intestinal dysbacteriosis in laying hens by supplementing their diet with the antibiotic lincomycin hydrochloride. The restorative effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus LR-32 against intestinal dysbacteriosis-induced alternations need to be determined either. However, it is not clear whether intestinal dysbacteriosis can induce the development of damaging behavior, such as FP. Antibiotics affect the gut microbial composition, leading to gut-brain axis imbalance and behavior and physiology changes in many species. The development of abnormal feather-pecking (FP) behavior, where laying hens display harmful pecks in conspecifics, is multifactorial and has been linked to the microbiota-gut-brain axis.
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